Table 3 Individual risk assessment according to ROBINS-1 tool
Author | Bias due to confounding | Bias due to selection of participants | Bias in measurement classification of interventions | Bias due to deviations from intended interventions | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reporter results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pautasso, et al. [19] | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | |
Hao, et al. [21] | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | |
Kim, et al. [22] | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | |
Perkins, et al. [24] | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | High | Moderate | Low | |
Franciozi, et al. [17] | Moderate | Moderate | High | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Zhang, et al. [15] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Markus, et al. [20] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |
Hashimoto, et al. [18] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | |
Tscholl, et al. [32] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | |
Xu, et al. [23] | Low | Low | High | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |