Fig. 1

Bioinformatics analysis. A. Box plots illustrating the distribution of 24 samples from the OA-related dataset GSE98918, comprising 12 osteoarthritis patients and 12 non-osteoarthritis subjects. B. PCA plot displaying clustering patterns between osteoarthritis patients and non-osteoarthritis subjects based on the dataset GSE98918. C. Volcano plot representing the outcomes of the limma package’s analysis, showing differential gene expression between osteoarthritis patients and non-osteoarthritis subjects. D. Heatmap exhibiting the expression profiles of the top 50 differentially expressed genes in osteoarthritis patients compared to non-osteoarthritis subjects. E. Bar plots illustrating the top 12 enriched pathways of differentially expressed genes in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. F. Bubble plots visualizing the top 12 enriched pathways of differentially expressed genes in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. G. Chord plots depicting the top 12 enriched pathways of differentially expressed genes in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. H. Circular plots showcasing the top 12 enriched pathways of differentially expressed genes in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. I. Scatter plot illustrating the co-expression relationship between ATF4 and C/EBPβ, suggesting ATF4’s promotion of C/EBPβ expression. J. Scatter plot depicting the co-expression relationship between NOTCH1 and RUNX2, implying NOTCH1’s facilitation of stemness expression. K. Scatter plot demonstrating the co-expression relationship between NOTCH1 and EZH2, elucidating NOTCH1’s inhibition of EZH2 expression. L. Scatter plot showing the co-expression relationship between EZH2 and SOX9, indicating EZH2’s suppression of SOX9 expression