Table 2 Surgical detail and rehabilitation protocol

Moroder

Open Latarjet procedure described by Young et al. [7]

Release of the pectoralis minor tendon, osteotomy of the coracoid close to the base with the conjoined tendon and parts of the coracoacromial ligament left attached, a permanent horizontal split of the subscapularis, a vertical split of the capsule, transposition of the coracoid to the anterior glenoid rim flush with the glenoid articular surface, fixation with 2 screws, and attachment of the lateral aspect of the capsule to the stump of the coracoacromial ligament on the graft.

Open ICBGT procedure described by Auffarth et al. [24]

A temporary horizontal split of the subscapularis and capsule, monocortical incomplete osteotomy of the anterior glenoid neck, implant-free press-fit insertion of a J-shaped bicortical bone graft harvested from the iliac crest, surface shaping of the graft with an electrical burr to restore the articular concavity, and side-to-side closure of the subscapularis.

The postoperative period of sling immobilization, as well as the rehabilitation protocol, was the same for both interventions. The detailed rehabilitation protocol was not described.

Siegert

Open Latarjet procedure described by Young et al. [7]

Release of the pectoralis minor tendon, osteotomy of the coracoid close to the base with the conjoined tendon and parts of the coracoacromial ligament left attached, a permanent horizontal split of the subscapularis, a vertical split of the capsule, transposition of the coracoid to the anterior glenoid rim flush with the glenoid articular surface, fixation with 2 screws, and attachment of the lateral aspect of the capsule to the stump of the coracoacromial ligament on the graft.

Open ICBGT procedure described by Auffarth et al. [24]

A temporary horizontal split of the subscapularis and capsule, monocortical incomplete osteotomy of the anterior glenoid neck, implant-free press-fit insertion of a J-shaped bicortical bone graft harvested from the iliac crest, surface shaping of the graft with an electrical burr to restore the articular concavity, and side-to-side closure of the subscapularis.

The postoperative period of sling immobilization, as well as the rehabilitation protocol, was the same for both interventions. The detailed rehabilitation protocol was not described.

Razaeian

Open Latarjet procedure described by Walch and Boileau. [46]

A horizontal muscle split of the subscapularis between the superior two-thirds and inferior one-third in line with its fibers and suturing of the lateral capsular flap to the medial 1 cm of the coracoacromial ligament, which remains attached to the coracoid. In deviation from the original description, the bone block was fixed with two 3.5 mm conventional small fragment cortex screws (Synthes, West Chester, Pennsylvania) instead of AO malleolar screws. The capsulolabral complex was reattached with knotless anchors (BioComposite Push-Lock anchor, 2.9 mm x 15.5 mm, Arthrex, Naples, Florida)

Arthroscopic ICBGT described by Scheibel et al. and Taverna et al. [46]

The tricortical bone graft was harvested first in the supine position from the ipsilateral anterior iliac crest before the arthroscopic procedure. In seven consecutive patients, the bone block was positioned and fixated in the technique as described by Scheibel. The bone block was positioned and fixated as described by Taverna in the remaining 15 consecutive patients.

Both groups were postoperatively treated in a 15-degree abduction splint (medi SAS^® 15, medi GmbH & Co. KG, Bayreuth, Germany) following a four-phase treatment protocol. Pendulum exercises and passive movements of shoulder, elbow, wrist, and finger joints were allowed in both groups after the first postoperative day. After the Latarjet procedure, external rotation was restricted for 6 weeks, while after the ICBGT procedure, patients were allowed to rotate externally up to 20° in the first 4 weeks. Active movements up to full range of motion and two-handed weight-bearing up to 11 pounds were allowed in both groups from the sixth week. In the Latarjet cohort, unrestricted full weight-bearing was allowed after the twelfth week, while weight-bearing in the ICBGT cohort was more restrictively with a limit up to 22 pounds until the twelfth week, and unrestricted full weight-bearing only after 6 months

Bockmann

Arthroscopic Latarjet prodecure described by Lafosse et al. [18]

The subscapularis tendon was divided horizontally in order to establish a tendon split. The coracoid process was then placed at the level of the glenoid, from 2 o’clock to 6 o’clock, and fixated with two 3.5 mm titanium screws.

Arthroscopic ICBGT described by Taverna et al., Kraus et al. and Nebelung et al. [48]

An iliac crest graft with a size of 2 × 1 × 1 cm was acquired from the ipsilateral iliac crest. The size of the graft was then adapted to the actual defect size. A 2.4 mm K-wire was pierced through the glenoid from the 5 o’clock position aiming towards the infraspinatus fossa. A FiberWire^®, size 2 suture (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) was then pulled through the bone tunnel and the graft was attached to its anterior end. A stopper knot was facilitated to secure the graft. The construct was then shuttled through the rotator interval. The graft was fixated with two screws (either 3–4-mm double-helix titanium screws, 3 mm × 26 mm Bio-Compression screws (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) or 3.2 mm × 26 mm magnesium screws (Syntellix AG, Hannover, Germany). Eventually, if possible, capsule and labrum were re-attached using standard arthroscopic anchors (either Bio PushLock^® 2.9 mm (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA) or Y-Knot^® 1.8 mm (Conmed, Utica, New York, USA)).

After the Latarjet procedure, the shoulder was immobilized in a sling for 3 weeks. From week 4 till 6, the shoulder was allowed free range of motion without weight baring.

After the ICBGT procedure, the shoulders were immobilized in a sling for 3 weeks, passive range of motion was allowed till 90 degrees of abduction. During week 4 to 6, the sling was used overnight

Elwan

Open Latarjet procedure described by Young et al. [7]

The pectoralis minor tendon is cut, the coracoid is osteotomized close to the base while leaving the conjoined tendon and parts of the coracoacromial ligament attached, the subscapularis is permanently split horizontally, the capsule is split vertically, the coracoid is transposed to the anterior glenoid rim flush with the glenoid articular surface, fixed with two screws.

Open ICBGT procedure described by Warner et al. [25]

A tricortical iliac graft was taken from the patient and inserted intra-articularly with the inner table facing laterally. Two screws were used for fixation, and the horizontal split in the subscapularis was stitched back together (side by side).

The postoperative period of sling immobilization, as well as the rehabilitation protocol, was the same for both interventions. The detailed rehabilitation protocol was not described.

Hussine

Open Latarjet procedure described by Young et al. [7]

The pectoralis minor tendon is cut, the coracoid is osteotomized close to the base while leaving the conjoined tendon and parts of the coracoacromial ligament attached, the subscapularis is permanently split horizontally, the capsule is split vertically, the coracoid is transposed to the anterior glenoid rim flush with the glenoid articular surface, fixed with two 3.75-mm partially threaded, cannulated, self-tapping, titanium screws.

Open ICBGT procedure described by Auffarth et al. [24]

A temporary horizontal split of the subscapularis and capsule, monocortical incomplete osteotomy of the anterior glenoid neck. A J-shaped bicortical bone graft harvested from the iliac crest, fixed medially to the joint surface with two cannulated screws. Then the periosteal capsule sheath is attached to the edge of the graft by applying horizontally arranged braided material sutures No. 2 secured beneath each screw.

Postoperative sling for 14 days, passive and active rotation is allowed after 4 weeks.