Fig. 1

Postoperative morbidity and mortality rates by mFI-5 groups. The bar chart compares the rates of postoperative complications and mortality between patients with low frailty (mFI-5 score 0–1) and those with higher frailty (mFI-5 score > 1). The outcomes include infection, dislocation, pulmonary embolism/venous thromboembolism (PE/VTE), other complications (neuropathies, pain, and nerve injuries), readmission, and mortality. Patients with an mFI-5 score > 1 show higher rates of complications across all categories, with notable increases in infection (7.6% vs 3.5%) and dislocation (6.5% vs 1.6%) compared to those with an mFI-5 score of 0–1