Fig. 4

Domains of computational models to monitor capacitive changes at different healing stages: (a) representation of all domains. Representation of the four modeled healing phases: (b) inflammatory phase—blood; (c) repair phase (soft callus) - cartilage; (d) repair phase (hard callus) - trabecular bone; (e) remodeling phase - intact bone. Domains: 1: substrate; 2: air; 3: electrodes; 4: polymeric layer; 5: hematoma/bone callus; 6: fracture; 7: cortical bone; 8: cancellous bone. Capacitive architecture: (f) interdigitated sensor design (\(\:l\) = 2.5 mm; \(\:w\) = 0.5; \(\:g\) = 0.25 mm); (g) PCB board of the co-surface capacitive network