Table 1 The PubMed search criteria and inclusion/exclusion criteria for the selected studies

Total Joint Arthroplasty OR Total Hip Arthroplasty OR Total Knee Arthroplasty

AND

Smoking

AND

American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program OR

National Surgical Quality Improvement Program OR NSQIP

AND

Outcomes OR Complications

Inclusion Criteria

Exclusion Criteria

• Discusses primary and/or revision total hip and/or knee arthroplasty

• Discusses shoulder, ankle, metacarpal, or other non-hip or knee joint arthroplasty

• Includes theme of smoking as a specific predictor for selected outcomes

• Discusses machine learning or use of technology

• Utilizes ACS-NSQIP database

• Includes non-observational study designs

• Includes clearly defined variables and outcomes

• Includes risk calculator

• Published between 2013 and 2023

• Includes trend studies

• Has been cited in other publications

• Includes only a single outcome