Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author | Region/year | Sample size (IG/CG) | Male | Age (year) | Course of disease | Prescription | Time | Duration | Frequency | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention | ||||||||||
Liu, et al | China/2022 | 25/25 | IG: 8 | IG: 44.44 ± 12.48 | IG: 19.44 ± 7.53 months | IG: Yijinjing | IG: 30 min | IG: 12 week | IG: 3/week | VAS, SF-36, LROM, ODI, HAMA, HAMD, IL-6, TNF-α, 5-HT |
|  |  |  | CG: 9 | CG: 47.96 ± 17.32 | CG: 22.32 ± 11.20 months | CG: Health education | CG: l h | CG: 12 week | CG: 1/week |  |
Qi, et al | China/2017 | 25/25 | IG: 12 | IG: 49.53 ± 10.87 | IG: 4.53 ± 2.08 months | IG: Baduanjin | IG: NI | IG: 2 months | IG: 5/week | VAS, JOA |
|  |  |  | CG: 13 | CG: 48.27 ± 11.35 | CG: 4.36 ± 1.44 months | CG: Suspension exercise therapy | CG: 45 min | CG: 2 months | CG: 5/week |  |
Ning, et al | China/2014 | 26/26 | IG: 12 | IG: 40.73 ± 11.52 | IG: NI | IG: Wuqinxi | IG: 30 min | IG: 3 months | IG: 3/week | VAS, ODI, LROM, RR |
|  |  |  | CG: 11 | CG: 42.13 ± 11.18 | CG: NI | CG: Core strength training | CG: NI | CG: 3 months | CG: 3/week |  |
Ye, et al | China/2018 | 25/28 | IG: 10 | IG: 40.31 ± 7.59 | IG: 6.95 ± 3.50 months | IG: Liuzijue + Usual care | IG: 30 min | IG: 4 week | IG: 5/week | VAS, ODI |
|  |  |  | CG: 15 | CG: 38.98 ± 8.27 | CG: 7.07 ± 2.98 months | CG: Usual care | CG: 30 min | CG: 4 week | CG: 5/week |  |
Gao, et al | China/2016 | 30/30 | IG: 17 | IG: 35.68 ± 12.56 | IG: 16.33 ± 6.89 months | IG:Baduanjin + Routine Rehabilitation | IG: 30 min | IG: 8 week | IG: 6/week | VAS, HADS, ODI, PSEQ |
|  |  |  | CG: 21 | CG: 36.45 ± 12.38 | CG: 17.10 ± 6.52 months | CG: Routine Rehabilitation | CG: 30 min | CG: 8 week | CG: 6/week |  |
Phattharasupharerk, et al | Thailand/2018 | 36/36 | IG: 12 | IG: 35.7 ± 3.6 | IG: NI | IG:GuanYinZiZaiGong | IG: 1 h | IG: 6 week | IG: 1/week | VAS, RMDQ, LROM, CSPI, HR, RR, ST-5 |
|  |  |  | CG: 14 | CG: 34.8 ± 4.3 |  | CG: Waiting List |  |  |  |  |
Yang, et al | China/2022 | 29/27 | IG: 14 | IG: 31.24 ± 3.82 | IG: 13.31 ± 2.54 months | IG: Baduanjin | IG: 30 min | IG: 4 week | IG: 5/week | NPRS, ODI, SEMG |
|  |  |  | CG: 13 | CG: 31.78 ± 2.59 | CG: 12.15 ± 2.14 months | CG: walking | CG: 30 min | CG: 4 week | CG: 5/week |  |
Su, et al | China/2019 | 32/32 | IG: 8 | IG: 58.19 ± 4.70 | IG: 4.63 ± 1.21 years | IG: Baduanjin | IG: 45 min | IG: 12 week | IG: 4/week | VAS, ODI |
|  |  |  | CG: 11 | CG: 58.75 ± 5.21 | CG: 4.78 ± 1.60 years | CG: Health education | CG: NI | CG: 12 week | CG: 4/week |  |
Liu, et al | China/2020 | 47/53 | IG: 9 | IG: 58.34 ± 4.89 | IG: 4.02 ± 1.01 years | IG: Baduanjin | IG: ≥ 30 min | IG: 12 week | IG: 5/week | VAS, ODI |
|  |  |  | CG: 14 | CG: 60.92 ± 7.52 | CG: 3.77 ± 1.33 years | CG: Medical treatment + Aerobic exercise | CG: NI | CG: 12 week | CG: 5/week |  |
He, et al | China/2019 | 60/60 | IG: 38 | IG: 41.70 ± 6.58 | IG: 16.47 ± 2.21 months | IG: Baduanjin | IG: NI | IG: 12 week | IG: 5/week | VAS, ODI, FFD, JOA |
|  |  |  | CG: 42 | CG: 42.52 ± 6.61 | CG: 16.82 ± 2.26 months | CG: Routine Rehabilitation | CG: NI | CG: 12 week | CG: 5/week |  |
Fang, et al | China/2015 | 32/31 | IG: NI | IG:52.91 + 15.80 | IG: 13.17 + 9.21 years | IG: Wuqinxi | IG: 30–60 min | IG: 6 months | IG: 3–4/week | VAS, IEMG |
|  |  |  | CG: NI | CG:53.88 + 14.17 | CG: 12.36 ± 10.75 years | CG: McKenzie Gymnastics | CG: 30–60 min | CG: 6 months | CG: 3–4/week |  |
Su, et al | China/2020 | 37/39 | IG: 8 | IG: 68.86 ± 4.63 | IG: 4.57 ± 1.07 years | IG: Baduanjin | IG: 45 min | IG: 12 week | IG: 4/week | VAS, ODI |
|  |  |  | CG: 11 | CG: 70.74 ± 6.96 | CG: 5.10 ± 1.74 years | CG: Health education | CG: NI | CG: 12 week | CG: 4/week |  |
Zhang, et al | China/2019 | 37/40 | IG: NI | IG: NI | IG: NI | IG: Baduanjin | IG: NI | IG: 10Â week | IG: 5/week | LROM, VAS |
| Â | Â | Â | CG: NI | CG: NI | CG: NI | CG: Five point support functional exercise | CG: NI | CG: 10Â week | CG: 5/week | Â |
Zhang, | China/2023 | 20/20 | IG: 12 | IG: 42.8 ± 2.7 | IG: NI | IG: Breathing exercises and core exercises | IG: 30 min | IG: 4 week | IG: 5/week | VAS, ODI |
|  |  |  | CG: 11 | CG: 43.5 ± 3.8 | CG: NI | CG: Usual care | CG: 30 min | CG: 4 week | CG: 5/week |  |
Blodt, et al | Germany/2015 | 64/63 | IG: 6 | IG: 45.7 ± 10 | IG: 2.7 ± 1.4 years | IG: Neiyanggong | IG: 90 min | IG: 12 weeks | IG: 1/week | VAS, RMDQ, SF-36 |
|  |  |  | CG: 19 | CG: 47.7 ± 10.8 | CG: 3.2 ± 1.5 years | CG: Exercise therapy | CG: 60 min | CG: 12 weeks | CG: 1/week |  |
Teut, et al | Germany/2016 | 58/57 | IG: 8 | IG: 72.4 ± 5.7 | IG: 18.1 ± 13.2 years | IG: Neiyanggong | IG: 90 min | IG: 3 months | IG: 1/week | FRI, VAS, SF-36, GDS, BF |
|  |  |  | CG: 5 | CG: 72.6 ± 6.0 | CG: 19.6 ± 16.3 years | CG: Waiting list |  |  |  |  |