Table 2 Details of core stabilization exercise program

Chen

2022[47]

Core stretch: cat camel stretching exercises.

Core strengthening: supine bridge, side bridge, plank, dynamic bridge training, prone two-point support.

Equipment exercise: balance pad, Swiss ball, TheraBand.

supervision by professional therapist

4 months

(3x/wk.,60 min/ session)

50/50

Ji

2020[48]

Core stretch: cat-camel stretching exercises, side stretch, cobra stretching.

Core strengthening: plank, side plank, back bridge, side bridge, side-lying leg lift, balance stand.

Equipment exercise: Swiss ball.

supervision by professional therapist

12 weeks

(every other day, 60 min/session)

11/13

He

2024[49]

Core stretch: cat-camel stretching exercises.

Core strengthening: plank, side bridge, prone two-point support, trunk curling.

not mentioned

6 months

(3x/wk., 60 min/session)

50/50

Khaledi

2024[46]

Core activation: motor training and activation of core extensor muscles(4 sets × 10 to 15 s)

Core strengthening: bird and dog, left side bridge, superman exercise, prone double - limb raise

supervision by specialists

12 weeks

(3x/wk., 50–70 min/session)

15/15

Kocaman

2021[24]

Core activation: warm up stretching, activation of TrA and ML muscles in supine hook position.

Core strengthening: supine bridge, side-lying leg lift, cat-camel, supine bicycles, lumbopelvic control exercise, clamshell, abdominal curl, prone bridging, side bridge.

Equipment exercise: Swiss ball and TheraBand.

supervision by physiotherapist

10 weeks

(3x/wk., 90 min/session)

14/14

Yagci

2019[23]

Local muscle stability exercise: transversus abdominis, multifidus, and diaphragm.

Global muscle stability exercise: oblique abdominal muscles, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and pelvic floor muscles.

Global muscle mobility exercise: rectus abdominis, back extensors, and hamstring muscles.

Breathing exercises: diaphragmatic breathing.

supervision by physiotherapist + reference booklet + daily home exercises

4 months

(1x/wk., 40 min/session; daily home exercise)

15/15

Gür

2016[17]

Local muscle stability exercise: transversus abdominis, multifidus, and diaphragm.

Global muscle stability exercise: oblique abdominal muscles, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and pelvic floor muscles.

Global muscle mobility exercise: rectus abdominis, back extensors, and hamstring muscles.

Breathing exercises: diaphragmatic breathing

supervision by physiotherapist + daily home exercises

10 weeks

(2x/wk., 60 min/session; 20 min daily home exercises)

12/12

Yildirim

2022[32]

Core stretch: stretching exercises.

Core strengthening: bird and dog, pelvic tilt, hundred, bridge, cat-camel, dead bug, clamshell, abdominal strengthening, plank, rhomboid strengthening, squat.

Equipment exercise: TheraBand.

Breathing exercises: chest and diaphragmatic breathing exercises.

supervision by physiotherapist + daily home exercises

8 weeks

(1x/wk., 30 min/session; daily home exercise 30 min in the remaining 6 days)

15/15

Moubarak 2022[25]

Core activation: warm up stretching, activation of TrA and ML muscles in supine hook position.

Core strengthening: basic trunk curl from a crook lying position, bridging exercises, cat-camel exercises, single and double-leg abdominal press, and quadruped arm/leg raises. Antero-posterior and lateral pelvic control exercises

(tilt).

supervision by physiotherapist + parents help (if needed)

12 weeks

(3x/wk., 60 min/session; 20 min daily home exercises)

15/15

Kisa

2023[33]

Core stretch: spine stretch forward, stretching exercises.

Core strengthening: posture exercises, spinal stabilization exercises, core stabilization exercises, klapp crawling exercises, core stabilization exercises with weight, lateral flexion exercise, hundred, swimming perep.

Breathing exercises: chest and diaphragmatic breathing exercises.

supervision by physiotherapist + daily home exercises

First 6 weeks

(2x/wk.).

remaining 18 weeks

(daily home exercise)

25/25