Table 2 Assessment tools and assessment times of anxiety/ fear

[44]

FACES Anxiety Scale (FAS) (0–4 scores)

*

[15]

NRS (10-point graded scales)

*

*

[37]

APAIS

*

[17]

questions recommended by the NIH task force on chronic LBP [11] and the MODI

*

[18]

STAI-6 – NRS; STAI-Y

*

[19]

Likert scale rating (5 scores)

*

[20]

patients aged 4 to 7 years used a VAS that included both Wong-Baker FACES and a numerical rating scale, while patients aged 8 to 14 years were presented with a numerical rating scale only. After the procedure, patients completed the pain and anxiety VAS again

*

[21]

STAI

*

*

*

[22]

STAI-6 score

*

*

[8]

10-point Likert scale

*

*

[23]

10-point Likert scale

*

*

[24]

Intra-operative: CEMS- Pre- and Post- procedural: SAIS- PSWQ-C

*

*

*

[25]

NRS (10 scores)

*

*

[26]

Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (14 items)

*

*

[27]

10-point Likert scale- STAI-P

*

[28]

STAI Y-1

*

[29]

Children's Anxiety Meter-State

*

*

*

[30]

STAI

*

[31]

STAI

*

[32]

STAI-S

*

*

[33]

Likert scale

*

[34]

STAI

*

*

[35]

a five-point agreement scale

*

[36]

APAIS—Likert scale

*