Table 3 Main outcomes of the studies
Author | Groups | Overall Results | |
|---|---|---|---|
VR | Non-VR | ||
[44] | Group1: 6 patients using Oculus Rift Group2: 38 patients using Oculus Quest | N/R | -VR was efficient in procedural pain and anxiety - HCPs were found it effective in managing patient’s anxiety, and were satisfied from the results -VR was easily integrated in clinical workflow |
[15] | VR group: using VR headset + regional anesthesia | Regional anesthesia | -Significant reduction of anxiety only in VR group -Lower level of intraoperative anxiety in VR group -Increased postoperative satisfaction in VR group |
[37] | Patients in the VR group watched a 5-min VR video through VR goggles | Patients in the standard preoperative experience were provided with routine audiovisual descriptions of the preoperative experience | -Significant lower level of postoperative anxiety in VR group -Significant correlation between lower anxiety and use of VR -Lower stress in VR group -Higher preparedness in VR group -Higher satisfaction in VR group |
[20] | VR or AR | Group1: 15 patients using Audiovisual (AV) monitor-flat screen Group2: 15 patients no VR and AV | -Significant reduction in anxiety from baseline to preoperative in VR group -Lower preprocedural anxiety in intervention groups but no significant changes between groups |
[18] | standard care: 2 mL hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% added with 0.2 mL of sufentanil 5 μg/mL + VR glasses and headphone | Standard care: 2 mL hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% added with 0.2 mL of sufentanil 5 μg/mL | -Similar postoperative anxiety and pain in both groups - Significant lower dose of midazolam in VR group |
[19] | four-session immersive virtual reality curriculum with a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 10 days between sessions | N/A | - Anxiety was reduced significantly -Significant lower operative time with using VR -Lower assistive prompts and anxiety with using VR -Higher confidence (significant) and real-world skills with using VR (84% vs. 11%) |
[20] | cast:1.VR gaming simulation2.VR goggles with noninteractive pin:VR gaming simulation2.VR goggles with noninteractive | Oculus, Meta Platforms Inc | -No differences in preprocedural to postprocedural VAS pain -No differences in preprocedural to postprocedural VAS anxiety |
[21] | Continuous passive motion device (CPM) + VR headset | CPM | - Not significant lower preoperative and postoperative anxiety in VR group -Significant reduction in pain and anxiety in both groups (no difference between groups) |
[22] | This group conducted a VR simulation of inserting the same TFN-ADVANCEDâ„¢ Proximal Femoral Nailing System (TNFA system) which that comprised a halo headband with incorporated visual lenses and two handheld controllers | The traditional group training consisted of operative technique (Optech) notes for insertion of the TFNA | -Lower anxiety levels (33% vs. 55%) and higher confidence in VR group (84% vs. 61%) |
[8] | access to a fully immersive interactive VR video via their smart phone using a unique app (VIRTI) | An hour-long simulation session on the management of a multiply injured trauma patient, in line with ATLS principles | -Lower level of anxiety of trauma calls in VR group (significant) - VR group was faster |
[23] | They wore VR headset and headphones | not VR | -Significant lower anxiety and pain scores during injection, during the procedure, and at the end of the procedure in VR group -Patients with preexisting anxiety had only lower intraprocedural anxiety |
[24] | SOC + VR headset and controller | Standard of care (SOC) | -Mean preoperative anxiety was lower in VR (no statistical report) -Significant lower intra- and post-procedural anxiety in VR group |
[26] | Four-week conventional rehabilitation + 8 VR therapy sessions during their rehabilitation | Four-week conventional rehabilitation (standard care) | -Reduction in HADS score in VR group was significantly higher than control - Lower post-treatment anxiety in VR group (significant) -Reduction in pain score in both groups |
[25] | VR headset + axillary block | No specific intervention | -No difference in intraoperative anxiety -VR group experienced higher reduction of anxiety (not statistically different from control) |
[29] | Using VR headset | No specific intervention | -Significant lower anxiety and fear scores during the procedures in VR group -No differences between fear and anxiety scores before and after the procedures in both groups -Higher satisfaction scores in VR group |
[27] | 1) VR headset coupled with a control tablet pre-operatively 2) VR headset coupled with a control tablet in fracture clinic | Standard care facilitated by a play specialist, involving conventional distraction techniques such as games and toys | -Lower level of anxiety in parents and patients in VR intervention (significant) -Similar level of pain in both groups Improvements the hospital experience in both groups |
[30] | They received both the standard surgical instruction packet and the AR experience | They received only the standard surgical instructions packet provided to all patients | -significant reduction of level of screening to preoperative anxiety in AR group compared to control -No significant difference in screening to postoperative anxiety (controls experienced higher reduction) -Reduction in anxiety score in postoperative survey in both groups -No difference between pain scores in both groups |
[28] | Using the VR headset (+ sedative drugs if required) | Without the headset and with the standard protocol (+ sedative drugs if required) | -Higher postoperative anxiety level in VR group (not significant) -Lower sedation and intraoperative adverse event in group 1 -Higher in comfort score in VR group (significant) -No difference in patient satisfaction in both groups |
[32] | spinal anesthesia + VR headset | Group1: standard care was applied to the control group Group2: The CD and a CD player were given to the patient (PMR group) | -Higher intragroup STAI-S scores in the PMR and VR groups (significant) -Higher satisfaction scores in the PMR and VR groups (significant) |
[31] | They wore VR Hypnosis Mask during procedure | No specific intervention | -Lower postoperative and discharge anxiety scores in VR group (significant) -Significant Reduction in using analgesics like ketamine in VR group |
[35] | An AR app was offered; included 10 kinds of respiration training, 34 kinds of resistance muscle training, and walking training | A pre-recorded video was provided to patients who chose conventional perioperative rehabilitation | -Higher level of anxiety reduction in VR group (not significant) -patients using the AR app had better subjective and objective outcomes |
[33] | using headset | No specific intervention | -Significant reduction in anxiety -A total of 66% (21) showed a reduction in anxiety scores, 28% (9) had no change in score -No adverse events were recorded |
[36] | Patients in the VR group watched a 3D model of their own MRI through a VR headset | Patients in the non-VR (NR) group received standard preoperative information about their MRI | -Lower preoperative anxiety level in VR group: in two subscales were significant: surgery-related and combined anxiety; in two was not significant: anesthesia- and information-related anxiety -Higher pre- and postoperative satisfaction in VR group (significant) -preoperative stress did not differ, but postoperative stress was significantly lower in VR group -No difference in preoperative preparedness |
[34] | spinal anesthesia + Immersive experience was provided through a mobile phone-based HMD showing videos and headphone playing audios | Spinal anesthesia (0.02 mg·kg − 1 of intravenous midazolam) | -Lower postoperative anxiety level in VR group (Significant) -Higher satisfaction in VR group (significant) -No difference in anxiety scores from the preoperative to postoperative in both groups |