Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the patients
Parameters | Overall (n = 89) | Handgrip strength groups |  | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal HGS (n = 46) | Low HGS (n = 43) | p |  | ||
Age, mean ± SD | 68.82 ± 9.63 | 65.78 ± 9.80 | 72.07 ± 8.40 | 0.002 |  |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male, n (%) | 34 (38.2) | 21 (45.7) | 13 (30.2) | 0.135 |  |
 Female, n (%) | 55 (61.8) | 25 (54.3) | 30 (69.8) |  | |
BMI, mean ± SD | 25.82 ± 9.63 | 27.13 ± 4.66 | 24.41 ± 4.11 | 0.007 |  |
 Underweight, n (%) | 2 (22.0) | 0 | 2 (4.7) | 0.062 |  |
 Normal, n (%) | 44 (49.4) | 19 (41.3) | 25 (58.1) |  | |
 Overweight, n (%) | 24 (27.0) | 13 (28.3) | 11 (25.6) |  | |
 Obesity, n (%) | 19 (21.3) | 14 (30.4) | 5 (11.6) |  | |
CCI, mean ± SD | 0.82 ± 1.28 | 0.67 ± 1.08 | 0.98 ± 1.46 | 0.330 |  |
T-score, mean ± SD | -2.23 ± 1.26 | -2.03 ± 1.00 | -2.43 ± 1.45 | 0.022 |  |
Osteoporosis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Normal, n (%) | 5 (6.2) | 3 (7.7) | 2 (4.8) | 0.141 |  |
 Low bone mass, n (%) | 38 (46.9) | 20 (51.3) | 18 (42.9) |  | |
 Osteoporosis, n (%) | 38 (46.9) | 16 (41.0) | 22 (52.4) |  | |
Spondylolisthesis, n (%) | 43 (48.3) | 22 (47.8) | 21 (48.8) | 0.924 | Â |
Levels of fusion | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1, n (%) | 61 (68.5) | 33 (71.7) | 28 (65.1) |  |  |
 2, n (%) | 24 (27.0) | 11 (23.9) | 13 (30.2) | 0.859 |  |
 3, n (%) | 4 (4.5) | 2 (4.3) | 2 (4.7) |  |  |
ASA | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1, n (%) | 6 (6.7) | 3 (6.5) | 3 (7.0) |  |  |
 2, n (%) | 69 (77.5) | 38 (82.6) | 31 (72.1) | 0.432 |  |
 3, n (%) | 14 (15.7) | 5 (10.9) | 9 (20.9) |  |  |
Surgical time (minutes), mean ± SD | 194.38 ± 77.09 | 204.54 ± 92.23 | 183.51 ± 55.69 | 0.393 |  |
Blood loss (ml), mean ± SD | 239.09 ± 287.78 | 276.00 ± 290.08 | 200.47 ± 283.57 | 0.058 |  |
Lost follow-up at 12 months, n (%) | 15 (16.9) | 10 (21.7) | 5 (11.6) | 0.203 | Â |