Fig. 2

Workflow of the K-wire placement simulation system. Experimental parameter configuration refers to adjusting the simulation system setup according to the combinations of influencing factors to achieve different experimental conditions. Surgical path selection refers to planning the entry point and angle of the K-wire. Dynamic monitoring and data acquisition refer to the complete monitoring of the K-wire tip position and guide oscillation throughout the entire needle placement process. Error quantification analysis involves processing the data from the previous step to measure the entry point deviation and visualize the guide oscillation