Simulation and analysis of non-navigational errors in robot-assisted pedicle Kirschner wire placement surgery

Table 2 Deviation under various habit combinations

	Plaster-Fixed Vertebra Group							Inclined Plane Group
	Habit 1		Habit 2			T		Habit 1		Habit 2		T
	\(\overline{\text{x} }\)	σ	\(\overline{\text{x} }\)	σ		P	d	\(\overline{\text{x} }\)	σ	\(\overline{\text{x} }\)	σ	P	d
410–1	0.15	0.23	0.59		0.57	***	1.95	0.12	0.12	0.49	0.23	***	2.02
410–5	0.20	0.22	0.68		0.50	***	1.24	0.15	0.19	0.53	0.43	***	1.14
500–1	0.15	0.12	0.31		0.24	*	0.84	0.10	0.09	0.34	0.22	**	1.43
500–5	0.13	0.14	0.37		0.24	**	1.22	0.08	0.08	0.47	0.26	***	2.03
600–1	0.13	0.18	0.48		0.49	***	0.95	0.12	0.12	0.48	0.52	***	0.95
600–5	0.18	0.18	0.78		0.71	***	1.16	0.08	0.06	0.64	0.26	***	2.97

In this table and subsequent tables, H1 and H2 denote Habit 1 and Habit 2, respectively. The numbers 410, 500, and 600 refer to robotic arm lengths of 410 mm, 500 mm, and 600 mm, respectively. The numbers 1 and 5 indicate guide-to-bone surface distances of 1 cm and 5 cm, respectively. Ca and Si represent the Plaster-Fixed Vertebra Group and Silicone-Fixed Vertebra Group, respectively. The symbol \(\overline{x }\) denotes the mean value in millimeters (mm), σ denotes the standard deviation in millimeters (mm) T denotes the Paired T-test and d denotes the Cohen’s d. n.s. indicates P > 0.05, * indicates P ≤ 0.05, ** indicates P ≤ 0.01, and *** indicates P ≤ 0.001.We used paired t-tests to compare the statistical significance of differences between conditions and additionally employed Cohen’s d analysis to quantify the effect sizes and associations under different conditions [27, 28]

ISSN: 1749-799X