Table 2 Potential ions that could be incorporated in different ceramic materials such as glass and ceramic-cement structure and their biological roles elicit in vivo
From: Bone void filler materials for augmentation in comminuted fractures: a comprehensive review
Name of ion | Biological Roles |
|---|---|
Ca | React the with Body fluid and convert to HA [82] |
Ga | Anti-cancerous affect/limit osteoclastic bone activity/antibacterials and anti-inflammatory [83] |
Sr | Osteoporosis treatment with dual anti-resorptive and anabolic effect (promote osteoblast) [84] |
Ag | favor the breakdown of microorganism resistance, antibacterial agent [85] |
Cu | Angiogenesis, cell proliferation [86] |
Zn | Anti-bacterial and Anti-inflammatory, enhance Osteoblast and inhibit osteoclast cells [83] |
Fe | boosts energy production in cells and promotes the activity of genes involved in bone formation [87] |
Mg | Important in human health in terms of brain, heart, and skeletal muscle health. Mg deficiency leads to more brittleness and, a decrease in bone mass density [88, 89] |
Mn | Manganese regulates bone remodeling, supports matrix synthesis, reduces oxidative stress, and promotes bone formation in inflammatory conditions [87] |
Si | 17 to 20 ppm of soluble Si and 88 to 100 ppm of soluble Ca ions are required for the formation of mineralized bone tissue [90] |
P | Increase the bioactivity by the formation of HA layer [91] |
Ta | promoting osteoconduction and osteoinduction/Good mechanical properties [92] |
B | Bone growth and maintenance, immune function, and psychomotor skills [84] |