Fig. 2

Schematic illustration demonstrates the potential mechanism of action of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) natural products in osteoporosis. (These natural products inhibit osteoclast generation by clearing ROS, leading to increased expression of antioxidant enzymes through activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Additionally, they inhibit autophagy by activating the mTOR pathway. As a result, TCM natural products show promise as a potential treatment for bone diseases related to aging and oxidative stress, particularly osteoporosis.)