Table 1 The effects and mechanisms of natural products of TCM for the treatment of osteoblast-mediated osteoporosis
Natural Products/ Extracts | Natural Product/ Extract Source | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Chemical Structure | CAS No. | Experimental Models | Mechanism of Action/Effectiveness | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resveratrol | Reynoutria japonica Houtt. | C14H12O3 | 228.243 |
| 501-36−0 | Stimulation of MC3 T3-E1 cells with H2O2 induces a model of cellular senescence | Up-regulation of osteogenic gene expression such as ALP, COL-1, and Runx2 and reversal of H2O2-induced osteoblast damage | [17] |
Total flavonoids of rhizoma drynariae | Davallia mariesii Moore ex Bak. | - | - | - | - | Constructing an osteoporosis rat model by ovariectomy | Up-regulation of Runx2 expression and amelioration of pathological bone trabecular injury through modulation of the signaling pathway Wnt/LRP5/β-catenin | [18] |
Ginseng polysaccharides | Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer | - | - | - | - | Induction of osteoporosis rat model by bilateral ovariectomy | Maintains bone remodeling homeostasis by activating the Wnt3/β-catenin/Runx2 signaling pathway, decreasing TRAP-5b, and upregulating bone formation marker expression | [19] |
Angelicin | Psoralea corylifolia Linn. | C11H6O3 | 186.163 |
| 523-50−2 | Osteocalcin overexpression in transgenic mice of the preosteoblastogenic cell line OCT1 cells; BMP2loxp/loxp mouse osteoblasts knocked down up to 80% of the osteoblast BMP2 gene by Ad-Cre lentivirus | Induces osteoblast proliferation and differentiation by activating the BMP2/Runx2/Osx signaling pathway and upregulating ALP expression levels | [20] |
Velvet antler polypeptides | Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum | - | - | - | - | Constructing an osteoporosis rat model by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone (2 mg-kg-1) into rats | Activation of SIRT1/FoxO1 signaling pathway attenuates oxidative damage and significantly elevates femoral BMD | [21] |
Salidroside | Rhodiola rosea Linn. | C14H20O7 | 300.304 |
| 10338-51−9 | A type 2 diabetic osteoporotic rat model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of STZ after 8 weeks of high-sugar and high-fat diet, followed by ovariectomy at 10 weeks. | Up-regulates serum SOD, GSH-Px levels and reduces ROS, MDA by activating FoxO1/β-catenin pathway | [22] |
Saikosaponin A | Bupleurum chinensis DC. | C42H68O13 | 780.982 |
| 20736-09−8 | Construction of osteoporosis rat model by bilateral ovariectomy | Inhibition of oxidative damage through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway | [23] |
Icariin | Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. | C33H40O15 | 676.662 |
| 489-32−7 | Bilateral ovariectomy constructed osteoporosis rat model | Up-regulation of serum OC and BALP expression and down-regulation of serum TRAP and NTX-I expression maintained bone remodeling homeostasis, and increased autophagy level and inhibited cell apoptosis | [24] |
Astragalus polysaccharide | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge | C10H7ClN2O2S | 254.69 |
| 89250-26−0 | Osteoblasts differentiated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Promoting osteoblast autophagy, proliferation, differentiation, and increased BMD through activation of the PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway | [25] |
Phillyrin | Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl | C27H34O11 | 534.552 |
| 487-41−2 | Dexamethasone induced autophagy and apoptosis of osteoblasts in mouse MC-3 T3-E1 osteoblasts | Promotes autophagy and inhibits apoptosis through activation of the PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway | [26] |
Osthole | Cnidium monnieri (Linn.) Cuss. | C15H16O3 | 244.286 |
| 484-12−8 | Constructed osteoporosis rat model with bilateral ovarian removal | Down-regulates TRAP-5b levels and promotes blood calcium, blood phosphorus deposition and osteoblast proliferation through activation of the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway | [27] |
Salidroside | Rhodiola rosea Linn. | C14H20O7 | 300.304 |
| 10338-51−9 | mouse primary osteoblasts | Activates HIF-1α/VEGF, ANGPTL4, and IL-6 signaling pathways to promote osteoblast differentiation | [28] |
Psoralen | Psoralea corylifolia Linn. | C11H6O3 | 186.163 |
| 66–97−7 | Establishment of postmenopausal osteoporosis model in SD rats by Spaying ovarieotom-y | Regulates PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and upregulates, OC, PINP, BMP2, and VEGF expression | [29] |
Astragalus polysaccharide | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge | C10H7ClN2O2S | 254.69 |
| 89250-26−0 | MC-3 T3-E1 osteoblasts | Inhibits osteoblast apoptosis and promotes differentiation by modulating the AMPK/eNOS signaling pathway | [30] |
Ginsenoside Rg3 | Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer | C42H72O13 | 785.013 |
| 14197-60−5 | 23-month-old female rats were selected to simulate the state of bone loss in the elderly as an osteoporosis model | Activates AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, decreases PICP level, elevates OC, Beclin-1 and LC3-II expression, and promotes osteoblast autophagy | [31] |
