Table 2 The effects and mechanisms of natural products of TCM for the treatment of osteoclast-mediated osteoporosis
Natural Products/ Extracts | Natural Product/ Extract Source | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight | Chemical Structure | CAS No. | Experimental Models | Mechanism of Action/Effectiveness | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides | Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute | - | - | - | - | Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin constructs diabetic osteoporotic rats | Regulates OPG/RANKL signaling pathway, reduces serum TRAP, decreases bone tissue calcium and phosphorus loss, and increases BMD | [107] |
Danshensu | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | C9H10O5 | 198.17 |
| 76822-21−4 | Construction of osteoporosis rat model by bilateral ovarian extraction | Regulation of the OPG/RANKL signaling pathway through activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling and elevation of BMD | [108] |
Curcumin | Curcuma longa Linn. | C21H20O6 | 368.380 |
| 458-37−7 | Exposure of mouse MC3 T3-E1 cells to H2O2 induced cellular oxidative stress model; Bilateral ovary removal method for constructing an osteoporosis mouse model of oxidative stress | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling and down-regulation of RANKL, NTX expression and MDA content reverses oxidative damage | [109] |
Shikonine | Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. | C16H16O5 | 288.295 |
| 517-89−5 | The RAW264.7 cell line was used as a study subject, and the addition of dexamethasone induced the establishment of osteoporosis cell models; Injection of 2.5 mg·mL−1 dexamethasone into the legs of SD rats | Inhibition of RANKL/RANK/TRAF6 and its mediated NF-kB/MAPKs signaling pathway down-regulates serum CTX, Cathepsin K expression and osteoclast activity and increases BMD | [110] |
Baicalein | Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | C15H10O5 | 270.237 |
| 491-67−8 | Bilateral Oophorectomy Constructing osteoporosis Models | Inhibits the occurrence of Ferroptosis and maintains bone remodeling homeostasis by regulating the OPG/RANKL signaling pathway | [111] |
Puerarin | Puerariae Lobatae Radix | C21H20O9 | 416.38 |
| 3681-99−0 | Ferroptosis was induced by culturing MC3 T3-E1 cells in high glucose medium, and an osteoporosis cell model was constructed by inducing with medium containing 10 mmol/L sodium β-glycerophosphate, 0. 1 μmol/L dexamethasone, and 50 mg/L VitC 4. | Activates SLC7 A11/GPX4 pathway, promotes GSH and SOD activities, inhibits MDA and ROS production, and attenuates Ferroptosis | [112] |
Puerarin | Puerariae Lobatae Radix | C21H20O9 | 416.38 |
| 3681-99−0 | Bilateral ovarian removal constructed osteoporosis rat model | Regulation of PPARγ/Axin2/Wnt signaling pathway down-regulates TRACP5b, PINP, IL-6, TGF-β, and TNF-α expression, inhibits adipocytogenesis, and regulates bone metabolism | [113] |
Kaempferol | Kaempferia galanga Linn. | C15H10O6 | 286.236 |
| 520-18−3 | MC3 T3-E1 Subclone14 Cells | Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to maintain bone remodeling homeostasis | [114] |
Total flavonoids of rhizoma drynariae | Davallia mariesii Moore ex Bak. | - | - | - | - | Bilateral ovarian removal constructed osteoporosis rat model | Inhibits activation of Notch1/Hes1/Prdx1 signaling pathway and attenuates oxidative stress injury; upregulates OPG and BMP-2 expression and inhibits osteoclastogenesis | [115] |
